By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The remnants of the Mughal Empire include their monuments, most notably Fatehpur Sikri, Allahabad Fort, Agra Fort, and the Taj Mahal. Uttar Pradesh hosted modern educational institutions such as the Benaras Hindu University, Aligarh Muslim University and the Darul Uloom Deoband. Uttar Pradesh - Uttar Pradesh - History: The history of Uttar Pradesh can be divided into five periods: (1) prehistory and mythology (up to c. 600 bce), (2) the Buddhist-Hindu period (c. 600 bce to c. 1200 ce), (3) the Muslim period (c. 1200 to c. 1775), (4) the British period (c. 1775 to 1947), and (5) the postindependence period (1947 to the present). Learn more about Uttar Pradesh’s history and government in this article. The region seems to have been domesticated as early as 6,000 BC. Kusumanjali Prakashan, Jodhpur. In the Mughal era, Uttar Pradesh became the heartland of the empire. edit. [12] It spanned from Punjab in the north and Gujarat in the west to Bengal in the east and Odisha in the south. Rome: IsMEO (Istituto Italiano Per Il Medio Ed Estremo Oriente). Navigate parenthood with the help of the Raising Curious Learners podcast. The region seems to have been domesticated as early as 6,000 BC. A later famous ruler, Harsha (reigned c. 606–647), was based within the state’s present borders. Liu, Xinru 2001 "Migration and Settlement of the Yuezhi-Kushan: Interaction and Interdependence of Nomadic and Sedentary Societies.". This land has been rules by many in the course of history. They minced no words in calling the Yogi government one of the most corrupt governments in the history of Uttar Pradesh. Stupa commemorating where the Buddha was said to have first taught his followers, Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh, India. Control over this region was of vital importance to the power and stability of all of India's major empires, including the Maurya (320–200 BC), Kushan (100–250 CE), Gupta (350–600 CE), and Gurjara-Pratihara (650–1036 CE) empires. [14] Mughal emperors Babur and Humayun ruled from Agra.[18][19]. Due to is position, most invaders crossed it in the course of their invasions. [13] Many communities in various parts of India claim descent from the migrants of Kannauj. At first, Buddhist and Brahmanic or Hindu culture flourished side by side. [6][7][8], The kingdom of Kosala, in the Mahajanapada era, was located within the regional boundaries of modern-day Uttar Pradesh. Lakhimpur Kheeri is the largest district of Uttar Pradesh by area. Similarly, there will be an article on medieval and modern Uttar Pradesh history tomorrow and … The history of Uttar Pradesh can be divided into five periods: (1) prehistory and mythology (up to c. 600 bce), (2) the Buddhist-Hindu period (c. 600 bce to c. 1200 ce), (3) the Muslim period (c. 1200 to c. 1775), (4) the British period (c. 1775 to 1947), and (5) the postindependence period (1947 to the present). Confidence limits for the age are 85 (±11) and 72 (±8) thousand years ago. The downfall of the Mughals in the 18th century led to the shifting of the centre of that composite culture from Delhi to Lucknow, the seat of the nawab (ruler) of Oudh (now Ayodhya), where art, literature, music, and poetry flourished in an atmosphere of communal harmony. Archeological finds have indicated the presence of Stone Age Homo sapiens hunter-gatherers in Uttar Pradesh between around 85 and 72 thousand years old. Sculptures and architecture replete with Buddhist symbolism reached their zenith during the 3rd-century-bce reign of Ashoka. History Uttar Pradesh, abbreviated U.P., is a state locatedin northern India. info), líkas: Pangulung Lalawigan), [maralas deng ausang U.P. [14] Soon after Harshavardhana's death, his empire disintegrated into many kingdoms, which were invaded and ruled by the Gurjara-Pratihara empire, which challenged Bengal's Pala Empire for control of the region. The Delhi Sultanate ruled much of North India between 1206 and 1526 CE. Other pre-historical finds have included Middle and Upper Paleolithic artifacts dated to 21–31 thousand years old[5] and Mesolithic/Microlithic hunter-gatherer's settlement, near Pratapgarh, from around 10550–9550 BC. History Azamgarh, one of the easternmost districts of the State, once formed a part of the ancient Kosala kingdom, except the north-eastern part of it which was included in the kingdom of Malla. The new state was called the 'North Western Provinces of Agra and Oudh', which in 1902 was renamed as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. [9] According to Hindu legend, the divine king Rama of the Ramayana epic reigned in Ayodhya, the capital of Kosala. C.H. Interior room of the marble Octagonal Tower (Musamman Burj) in Agra Fort (Red Fort), Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India. Culture. The conflict between Rohillas and Marathas came to an end on 18 December 1788 with the arrest of Ghulam Qadir, the grandson of Najeeb-ud-Daula, who was defeated by the Maratha general Mahadaji Scindia. It is generally accepted that Agra was both an ancient city from the times of the Mahabharata (see above) and yet nevertheless Sultan Sikandar Lodī, the Muslim ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, founded Agra in the year 1504. He ruled his […] Buland Darwaza (Victory Gate) of the JāmiÊ¿ Masjid (Great Mosque) at Fatehpur Sikri, Uttar Pradesh, India. In the 18th century, after the fall of Mughal authority, the power vacuum was filled by the Maratha Empire, in the mid 18th century, the Maratha army invaded the Uttar Pradesh region, which resulted in Rohillas losing control of Rohillkhand to the Maratha rulers Raghunath Rao and Malharao Holkar. It was formed in 1937 when it was called the United Province of Agra and Oudh. 2015-09-18 Government of Uttar Pradesh, India, confirms 2.3 million people applied for 238 menial office jobs; 2017-06-05 Bus crashes with a truck in Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India, 22 die in resulting fire; 2017-09-14 19 people die when a boat capsizes on Yamun River in Uttar Pradesh, India; 2017-11-27 8 Donkeys freed from jail after 4 days in Orai, Uttar Pradesh, India for eating plants Modern human hunter-gatherers have been in Uttar Pradesh since between around 85,000 and 72,000 years ago. Goyal, S. R. "Ancient Indian Inscriptions" Kusumanjali Book World, Jodhpur (India), 2005. The remains of several human skeletons found in the area of Partapgarh (Pratapgarh) have been dated to about 10,000 bce. History. The Hindu deity Vishnu reclining on the serpent Sesha; sandstone relief panel on the Vishnu temple at Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh, India, 5th century. [32] Uttar Pradesh continued to be central to Indian politics and was especially important in modern Indian history as a hotbed of the Indian independence movement. In 1803, following the Second Anglo-Maratha War, when the British East India Company defeated the Maratha Empire, much of the region came under British suzerainty. The history of Uttar Pradesh the Northern Indian state, stretches back technically to its formation on 1 April 1937 as the North-Western Provinces of Agra and Awadh, but the region itself shows the presence of human habitation dating back to between 85,000 and 73,000 years ago. Gupta, S.P. A systematic history of India and the area of Uttar Pradesh dates to the end of the 7th century bce, when 16 mahajanapadas (great states) in northern India were contending for supremacy. 1992, a large group of Hindu activists demolished the 16th-century Babri Mosque in the city of Ayodhya, which is claimed to be the site of Ram Janmabhoomi. Some BJP lawmakers even called the present political dispensation a casteist. For nearly 600 years Uttar Pradesh, like much of India, was ruled by one Muslim dynasty or another, each centred in or near Delhi. It boasts of a m lange of vivid culture and architectural finesse and is synonymous with vibrant hues, delectable cuisine, timeless traditions, monumental heritage and astounding music. The earlier settlements of the Aryans were established in this city, then known as Prayag. From the rule of Rama to the rule of British, Uttar Pradesh has seen it all. The history of Uttar Pradesh the Northern Indian state, stretches back technically to its formation on 1 April 1937 as the North-Western Provinces of Agra and Awadh, but the region itself shows the presence of human habitation dating back to between 85,000 and 73,000 years ago. Uttar Pradesh/Politics. edit. From his capital at Kanyakubja (present-day Kannauj), he was able to control the whole of Uttar Pradesh as well as parts of what are now Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, and Rajasthan. Even today Northeast […] Metalwork of the Bronze Age in India. The Aryan hypothesis in Indian archaeology. Although UP later became the fifth largest state of India, NWPA was one of the smallest states of the British Indian empire. [27] Its capital shifted twice between Agra and Allahabad. The regions of Uttar Pradesh was said to have been the ancient Panchala country. Share and tell about your experience related to Uttar Pradesh in our wiki-based forum or on the talk page here. The history of Uttar Pradesh is very ancient and interesting. [34] During the Quit India Movement of 1942, Ballia district overthrew the colonial authority and installed an independent administration under Chittu Pandey. The religion he founded, Buddhism, spread not only across India but also to many distant lands, such as China and Japan. The region was also a site for the Indian Independence movement with the Indian National Congress. Uttar Pradesh is 4th largest state by area and top most state by population. It was famous as the Capital of God Brahma, the maker of the universe. Shah Jahan is famous for building the Taj Mahal, a mausoleum for his queen Mumtaz Mahal. After independence in 1947, the United Provinces were renamed Uttar Pradesh in 1950. [12], During the reign of Harshavardhana (590–647), the Kannauj empire reached its zenith. Villages with domesticated cattle, sheep, and goats and evidence of agriculture began as early as 6000 BC, and gradually developed between c. 4000 and 1500 BC  beginning with the Indus Valley Civilization and Harappa Culture to the Vedic period; extending into the Iron Age. History. [28] It came to be known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857. It is believed to be the land of the Nawabs, of Rama and Buddha, of Taj Mahal. edit. Being on the route of invaders from north-west and forming part of the rich fertile plain between Delhi and Patna, its history is closely linked to the history of north India. The Mughal Empire promoted the development of a new composite culture. (ed.). Uttar Pradesh Gk , History , important facts , Political Structure for Exams ... Uttar Pradesh GK & Current Affairs July to October 2017 - UPSSSC / UP PCS / UP PSC & other UP Exams - … Stretching from the north-west territories to the eastern states its history is almost synonymous to the history of north India. The city of Prayagraj is among the largest cities of Uttar Pradesh and situated at the confluence of three rivers- Ganga, Yamuna and the invisible Saraswati. [29] It was commonly referred to as the United Provinces or its acronym UP. Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state of India. Ancient History of Uttar Pradesh The history of Uttar Pradesh starts with the advent of Aryans hordes from Central Asian region. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Besides the Kurus and Panchalas the Vatsas, the Kosis, Hosalas, Videhas etc formed the early region of Uttar Pradesh. Uttar Pradesh for its strategic position, in ancient times was known the Madhya Desh. Agra was founded by Sultan Sikander Lodhi in 1506.; After Sikandar Lodi, Ibrahim Lodi ascended to the throne of Agra, who was defeated by Babur in the first battle of Panipat in 1526 and Babur established the Mughal Empire. According to tradition, it was during that period—likely sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries bce—that the Buddha preached his first sermon at Sarnath, near Varanasi. Lucknow is the capital city and Allahabad is the Judiciary Capital of the state. Several new sects seeking a common ground between Hinduism and Islam, as well as between the various castes of India, developed during that period. [26] Ajmer and Jaipur kingdoms were also included in this northern territory, which was named the "North-Western Provinces" (of Agra). It is recognised in the later Vedic Age as Brahmarshi Desha or Madhya Desha. “Prayagasya […] Agra is the largest district by population. Butkara I (Swāt, Pakistan) 1956–1962, Volume III 1 (in English). Other knowledge of the area prior to the 7th century bce has been gained largely through Vedic literature (of the ancient Indian Vedic religion) and the two great Indian epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, which describe the Gangetic Plain within Uttar Pradesh. Medieval History of Uttar Pradesh. Shah Jahan was succeeded by his son Aurangzeb, who did not share the religious tolerance of his ancestors, and was infamous for the destruction of temples. Uttar Pradesh/Geography. Ballia became known as "Baghi Ballia" (Rebel Ballia) for this significant role in India's independence movement. In the 16th century, Babur, a Timurid descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan from Fergana Valley (modern-day Uzbekistan), swept across the Khyber Pass and founded the Mughal Empire, covering India, along with modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and Bangladesh[17] The Mughals were descended from Persianised Central Asian Turks (with significant Mongol admixture). Although Muslim incursions into the area occurred as early as 1000–30 ce, Muslim rule over northern India was not established until the last decade of the 12th century, when MuÊ¿izz al-DÄ«n Muḥammad ibn Sām (Muḥammad GhÅ«rÄ«) defeated the Gahadavalas (who occupied much of Uttar Pradesh) and other competing dynasties. Because of its position in the heart of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, it has often been the focal point in the history of all of northern India. [37], Middle Kingdoms (c. 200 BCE – c. 1200 CE), Late Medieval and Early Modern period (c. 1200-1858 CE), Company Rule and Indian Rebellion of 1857. [20] Sher Shah and his son Islam Shah ruled Uttar Pradesh from their capital at Gwalior. The lost Sarasvati and the Indus Civilization. [35], After India's independence, the United Provinces were reorganized as Uttar Pradesh in 1950. [13] Kannauj was several times invaded by the south Indian Rashtrakuta Dynasty from the 8th century to the 10th century.[15][16]. In 1526 Bābur—a descendant of the conquerors Genghis Khan and Timur (Tamerlane)—defeated Sultan IbrāhÄ«m LodÄ« of Delhi and laid the foundation of the most successful of the Muslim dynasties, the Mughals, whose empire, centred in what is now Uttar Pradesh, dominated the subcontinent for more than 200 years. Several sacred books of the Aryans were also composed here. Uttar Pradesh/Economy. Meanwhile, by the 6th century bce, the ancient Vedic religion had largely evolved into Brahmanism, which in turn would evolve into classical Hinduism by the 2nd century bce. The history of Uttar Pradesh still has a great impact on Indian culture and civilization. Sharma, Deo Prakash, 2002. Faccenna, Domenico (1980). [9] The aftermath of the Mahabharata yuddh is believed to have taken place in the area between the Upper Doab and Delhi, (in what was Kuru Mahajanapada), during the reign of the Pandava king Yudhishthira. [citation needed]. After the death of Harsha, about 647, there was a gradual downfall of Buddhism accompanied by a revival of Hinduism. The region was the site of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, with revolts at Meerut, Kanpur, and Lucknow. It dates back to 4000 years. Political History of Uttar Pradesh. Due to dissatisfaction with British rule, a serious rebellion erupted in various parts of North India; Bengal regiment's sepoy stationed at Meerut cantonment, Mangal Pandey, is widely credited as its starting point. Indian Studies Past and Present 4, 333–358. Its official and widely spoken languages are Hindi and Urdu. His grandson, Shah Jahān (reigned 1628–58), built at Agra one of the world’s greatest architectural achievements, the Taj Mahal (a mausoleum constructed in memory of his favourite wife, who died in childbirth). [9] It included parts of central India, north of the Narmada River and it encompassed the entire Indo-Gangetic plain. Despite its political influence, its poor economic development and administrative record, organised crime and corruption kept it amongst India's backward states. The Ayodhya dispute triggered massive protests across the state as well as nationally and internationally. From the 5th century bce to the 6th century ce, the region was mostly under the control of powers centred outside the modern boundaries of the state, first at Magadha in present-day Bihar and later at Ujjain in present-day Madhya Pradesh. After India’s Independence, this land was renamed as Uttar Pradesh on January 24, 1950. The history of Uttar Pradesh dates back to the period when 'Dasas' occupied Uttar Pradesh. All these reivers except Gomti emerge from Himalayas. Uttar Pradesh: A political history Over the last 25 years, a fractured verdict has been typical of India’s biggest, most important, and most complex political battleground. Chakrabarti, D.K. The epics of Hinduism, the Ramayana, and the Mahabharata, were written in Uttar Pradesh. Many great sages of the Vedic times like Bhardwaja, Gautam, Yagyavalkaya, Vashishtha, Vishwamitra and Valmiki flourished in this state. edit. Religious Importance.
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