Hayes had announced in advance that he would serve only one term, and retired to Spiegel Grove, his home in Fremont, Ohio, in 1881. He withdrew the federal troops still in the South, and he appointed former senator David M. Key of…. The ensuing electoral dispute became known as the Tilden-Hayes affair. The phrase “New Frontier” is associated with which U.S. president? His reputation grew during the 1840s, ultimately earning him an appointment to be the Assistant US District Attorney for the Southern District of New York from 1848-1853. Like many of the popular presidents of his time, Hayes was much more than just a politician. On the evening of the 1876 election, Democrat Samuel J. Tilden appeared to be the clear winner with 184 of the 185 required electoral votes. In 1868, Hayes was elected governor of Ohio, where he served three terms, two of which were consecutive. In 1876, when the nation went to the polls to elect Grant’s successor, Democratic candidate Samuel Tilden, governor of New York, emerged with a lead of more than 260,000 popular votes. Hayes hoped such conciliatory policies would lead to the building of a “new Republican party” in the South, to which white businessmen and conservatives would rally. Stalwarts and Half-Breeds. Rutherford B. Hayes, in full Rutherford Birchard Hayes, (born October 4, 1822, Delaware, Ohio, U.S.—died January 17, 1893, Fremont, Ohio), 19th president of the United States (1877–81), who brought post-Civil War Reconstruction to an end in the South and who tried to establish new standards of official integrity after eight years of corruption in Washington, D.C. In 1879 Hayes signed an act permitting women lawyers to practice before the Supreme Court. … These policies aroused the animosity of a conservative Republican faction known as the Stalwarts, who were further antagonized by the president’s efforts to reform the civil service by substituting nonpartisan examinations for political patronage. Immediately after Election Day on … When the first returns seemed to confirm this, Hayes went to bed, believing he had lost. His administration saw the end of the post-Civil War Reconstruction and he is credited to have restored the citizens’ faith in presidency through his efforts to curb … Learn more about Rutherford B. Hayes’s spouse. Rutherford B. Hayes, America's 19th President, served as chief executive at the end of Reconstruction and the beginning of the modern industrial age. New York: National Democratic Committee, 1876. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Key events in the life of Rutherford B. Hayes. However, once the Civil Warbegan, Hayes joined the Union Army. Political Party Electoral Votes Popular Votes; Rutherford B. Hayes: Republican: 185: 4,036,298: Samuel J. Tilden: Democratic: 184: 4,300,590: Peter Cooper: Greenback: 75,973 Competing sets of election returns and electoral votes were sent to Congress to be counted in January 1877, so Congress voted to create a bipartisan commission of 15 members of Congress and Supreme Court justices to determine how to allocate the electors from the three disputed states. Samuel Tilden accepted the decision. Rutherford B. Hayes was the 19 President of the United States; he was in the office from 1877 to 1881. Beneficiary of the most fiercely disputed election in American history, Rutherford B. Hayes brought to the Executive Mansion dignity, honesty, and moderate reform. President Hayes (served 1877–81) willingly carried out the commitments made by his friends to secure the disputed Southern votes needed for his election. Tilden won the popular vote and led in the electoral college, but 19 votes from three Republican-controlled states (Louisiana, Florida, and South Carolina) remained disputed. Northern Republicans had been promising southern Democrats at least one Cabinet post, Federal patronage, subsidies for internal improvements, and withdrawal of troops from Louisiana and South Carolina. However, he was wounded in a battle after being promoted to major general. Sort of moderate Republican, but conservative on fiscal and pro-business issues. In 1876, that person was Samuel Randall, who played a key role in avoiding dueling inaugurations where the Republican nominee, Rutherford B. Rutherford B. Hayes was the governor of Ohio. Hayes pledged protection of the rights of Negroes in the South, but at the same time advocated the restoration of “wise, honest, and peaceful local self-government.” This meant the withdrawal of troops. The following year he became his state’s favourite son at the national Republican nominating convention, where a shrewdly managed campaign won him the presidential nomination. Hayes refused renomination by the Republican Party in 1880, contenting himself with one term as president. Although a galaxy of famous Republican speakers, and even Mark Twain, stumped for Hayes, he expected the Democrats to win. Instead of giving federal jobs to political supporters, Hayes wished to award them by merit according to an examination that all applicants would take. After five years of law practice in Lower Sandusky, he moved to Cincinnati, where he flourished as a young Whig lawyer. It also provides access to the full-text of The Diary and Letters of Rutherford B. Hayes, Nineteenth President of the United States, which includes entries related to the election of 1876 in volume III. Wikimedia Commons. He appointed Southerners to federal positions, and he made financial appropriations for Southern improvements. During the administration of Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881), the Republican Party was split into two factions: . But in New York, Republican National Chairman Zachariah Chandler, aware of a loophole, wired leaders to stand firm: “Hayes has 185 votes and is elected.” The popular vote apparently was 4,300,000 for Tilden to 4,036,000 for Hayes. Oregon's count was also challenged. In 1852 he married Lucy Ware Webb (Lucy Hayes), a cultured and unusually well-educated woman for her time. But influenced by Lucy's antislavery convictions, Hayes in 1853 began to defend runaway slaves who had fled across the Ohio River from Kentucky. Rutherford B. Hayes began his political career as a Cincinnati city solicitor. Rutherford B. Hayes and his wife, Lucy, on their wedding day, December 30, 1852. The election of 1876 between Rutherford B. Hayes and Democrat Samuel Tilden of New York was one of the most hostile, controversial campaigns in American history. A certificate of Louisiana’s electoral vote for Rutherford B. Hayes. Hayes’s unblemished public record and high moral tone offered a striking contrast to widely publicized accusations of corruption in the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant (1869–77). 1842: Graduated from Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio 3. He served only one term, from 1877 to 1881. Fought gallantly in the American Civil War. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. At the time, the Republicans were a primarily... See full answer below. During the Civil War, he was promoted to major general. He accepted the nomination but refused to campaign. Omissions? Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Hayes’s campaign managers challenged the validity of the returns from South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana, and as a result two sets of ballots were submitted from the three states. He was well suited to the task, having earned a steadfast reputation for integrity throughout his career as a soldier and a statesman. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rutherford-B-Hayes, Spartacus Educational - Biography of Rutherford Hayes, The White House - Biography of Rutherford B. Hayes, Rutherford B. Hayes - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Rutherford B. Hayes - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), presidency of the United States of America. Safe liberalism, party loyalty, and a good war record made Hayes an acceptable Republican candidate in 1876. But when it was revealed that Blaine had some involvement in a railroad scandal, Rutherford B. Hayes, the governor of Ohio, was nominated at a convention that required seven ballots. The Campaign Text Book. In 1875, during his third gubernatorial campaign, Hayes attracted national attention by his uncompromising advocacy of a sound currency backed by gold. He began his professional career as a lawyer in 1841. Florida played a key role in the 1876 election of President Rutherford B. Hayes, seen here in a photo portrait by Mathew Brady. He fought in the Civil War, was wounded in action, and rose to the rank of brevet major general. (Library of Congress) But he needed 185 Electoral College votes and got only 184 to Hayes… While the commission was deliberating, Republican allies of Hayes engaged in secret negotiations with moderate Southern Democrats aimed at securing acquiescence to Hayes’s election. His administration was under continual pressure from the South and West to resume silver coinage, outlawed in 1873. Hayes was the son of Rutherford Hayes, a farmer, and Sophia Birchard. He never allowed his injuries to hold him back for long and was always committed to the Union. Rutherford B. Hayes, Republican Presidential Nominee, 1876. Many of the leaders of the new South did indeed favor Republican economic policies and approved of Hayes’s financial conservatism, but they faced annihilation at the polls if they were to join the party of Reconstruction. Together, the states represented a total of 19 electoral vote… 24 Campaign material for Rutherford B. Hayes (left) and William A. Wheeler for the 1876 U.S. presidential election. In 1864, when Hayes was still on the battlefield defending the North, the Republican Party in Cincinnati nominated him for Congress. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. President Rutherford B. Hayes took office determined to reform the system of civil service appointments, which had been based on the spoils system since Andrew Jackson was president. In retirement he devoted himself to humanitarian causes, notably prison reform and educational opportunities for Southern black youth. Rutherford B. Hayes, 19th President of the United States Hayes and Wheeler, Republican ticket in 1876. He became known as “His Fraudulency." Hayes refused renomination by the Republican Party in 1880, contenting himself with one term as president. Selected Bibliography. On March 2, 1877, the commission voted along strict party lines to award all the contested electoral votes to Hayes, who was thus elected with 185 electoral votes to Tilden’s 184. Buyenlarge / Getty Images Born, October 4, 1822, Delaware, Ohio. Returns from three states (Louisiana, Florida, South Carolina) were in dispute, with both sides claiming victory. 1876: Democrat Samuel Tilden beat Republican Rutherford B. Hayes by more than 200,000 votes. The Stalwarts, the conservative faction, saw themselves as "stalwart" in opposition to Hayes' efforts to reconcile with the South.They opposed all forms of civil service reform, preferring to keep in place the existing patronage system. Navigate parenthood with the help of the Raising Curious Learners podcast. At the start of the American Civil War in … Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? When both political parties pursued extensive legal challenges over those results, an unprecedented electoral crisis emerged. He signed up to fight for the Union shortly after the Civil War began. The fact that two great political parties have in this way settled a dispute in regard to which good men differ as to the facts and the law no less than as to the proper course to be pursued in solving the question in controversy is an occasion for general rejoicing. The commission, made up of eight Republicans and seven Democrats, determined all the contests in favor of Hayes by eight to seven. The final electoral vote: 185 to 184. To the delight of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, Lucy Webb Hayes carried out her husband’s orders to banish wines and liquors from the White House. An economic depression, however, and Northern disenchantment with Reconstruction policies in the South combined to give Hayes’s Democratic opponent, Samuel J. Tilden, a popular majority, and early returns indicated a Democratic victory in the electoral college as well. After graduating from Kenyon College at the head of his class in 1842, Hayes studied law at Harvard, where he took a bachelor of laws degree in 1845. Born on October 4, 1822, in Ohio, Rutherford B. Hayes was the 19th president of the United States. 32. Eventually a bipartisan majority of Congress created a special Electoral Commission to decide which votes should be counted. Congress, however, overrode his veto of the Bland-Allison Act (1878), which provided for government purchase of silver bullion and restoration of the silver dollar as legal tender. He was elected governor … Copyright 2006 by the White House Historical Association. Below is an abbreviated outline of Hayes' professional and political career: 1. Taking up Antislavery Causes. Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes ended the evening with 165 electoral votes, twenty short of those required to win. He was a reform-minded Republican. During the national railroad strikes of 1877, Hayes, at the request of state governors, dispatched federal troops to suppress rioting. He opposed Governor Samuel J. Tilden of New York. Four months after the bitterly contested election in 1876, Republican Rutherford B. Hayes emerged with a one-vote victory in the Electoral College.
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